# Top 10 8am CasePeer Alternatives & Competitors **Average Rating:** 4.7/5 **Total Number of Reviews:** 190 Research alternative solutions to 8am CasePeer on G2, with real user reviews on competing tools. Legal Practice Management Software is a widely used technology, and many people are seeking easily administered, popular software solutions with time tracking. Other important factors to consider when researching alternatives to 8am CasePeer include features and task management. The best overall 8am CasePeer alternative is Clio Manage. Other similar apps like 8am CasePeer are Smokeball, Filevine, CosmoLex, and Assembly Neos. 8am CasePeer alternatives can be found in [Legal Practice Management Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-practice-management) but may also be in [Legal Case Management Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-case-management). ## Best Paid & Free Alternatives to 8am CasePeer - [Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/products/clio-clio-manage/reviews) - [Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/products/smokeball/reviews) - [Filevine](https://www.g2.com/products/filevine/reviews) - [CosmoLex](https://www.g2.com/products/cosmolex/reviews) - [Assembly Neos](https://www.g2.com/products/assembly-software-assembly-neos/reviews) - [CARET Legal](https://www.g2.com/products/caret-legal/reviews) - [Legistify](https://www.g2.com/products/legistify-legistify/reviews) - [Lawmatics](https://www.g2.com/products/lawmatics/reviews) - [Litify](https://www.g2.com/products/litify/reviews) - [PracticePanther](https://www.g2.com/products/paradigm-practicepanther/reviews) ## Top 10 Alternatives to 8am CasePeer Recently Reviewed By G2 Community Browse options below. Based on reviewer data, you can see how 8am CasePeer stacks up to the competition, check reviews from current & previous users in industries like Legal Services, Law Practice, and Automotive, and find the best product for your business. ### 1. [Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/products/clio-clio-manage/reviews) By Clio **Average Rating:** 4.6/5 **Total Reviews:** 997 Clio offers all you need to run a law practice from intake to invoice, with powerful features to manage cases, clients, documents, bills, appointments, time-tracking, reporting, and accounting. Reviewers say compared to 8am CasePeer, Clio Manage is: - Slower to reach roi Categories in common with 8am CasePeer: [Legal Practice Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-practice-management), [Legal CRM](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-crm), [Legal Case Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-case-management) **Compare:** [8am CasePeer vs Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/compare/8am-casepeer-vs-clio-clio-manage) **Compare Clio Manage with other alternatives:** - [Clio Manage vs Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-smokeball) - [Clio Manage vs Filevine](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-filevine) - [Clio Manage vs CosmoLex](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-cosmolex) - [Clio Manage vs Assembly Neos](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-clio-clio-manage) - [Clio Manage vs CARET Legal](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-clio-clio-manage) - [Clio Manage vs Legistify](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-legistify-legistify) - [Clio Manage vs Lawmatics](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-lawmatics) - [Clio Manage vs Litify](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-litify) - [Clio Manage vs PracticePanther](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) ### 2. [Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/products/smokeball/reviews) By Smokeball **Average Rating:** 4.7/5 **Total Reviews:** 385 Software for small law firms. When it's time to get serious about your law business, it's time for Smokeball. Reviewers say compared to 8am CasePeer, Smokeball is: - Slower to reach roi - Better at support - Easier to do business with Categories in common with 8am CasePeer: [Legal Practice Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-practice-management), [Legal Case Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-case-management) **Compare:** [8am CasePeer vs Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/compare/8am-casepeer-vs-smokeball) **Compare Smokeball with other alternatives:** - [Smokeball vs Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-smokeball) - [Smokeball vs Filevine](https://www.g2.com/compare/filevine-vs-smokeball) - [Smokeball vs CosmoLex](https://www.g2.com/compare/cosmolex-vs-smokeball) - [Smokeball vs Assembly Neos](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-smokeball) - [Smokeball vs CARET Legal](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-smokeball) - [Smokeball vs Legistify](https://www.g2.com/compare/legistify-legistify-vs-smokeball) - [Smokeball vs Lawmatics](https://www.g2.com/compare/lawmatics-vs-smokeball) - [Smokeball vs Litify](https://www.g2.com/compare/litify-vs-smokeball) - [Smokeball vs PracticePanther](https://www.g2.com/compare/paradigm-practicepanther-vs-smokeball) ### 3. [Filevine](https://www.g2.com/products/filevine/reviews) By Filevine **Average Rating:** 4.7/5 **Total Reviews:** 290 Filevine is online case management that not only organizes your cases, but actively moves them forward. Reviewers say compared to 8am CasePeer, Filevine is: - Slower to reach roi - Better at meeting requirements Categories in common with 8am CasePeer: [Legal Practice Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-practice-management), [Legal Case Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-case-management) **Compare:** [8am CasePeer vs Filevine](https://www.g2.com/compare/8am-casepeer-vs-filevine) **Compare Filevine with other alternatives:** - [Filevine vs Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-filevine) - [Filevine vs Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/compare/filevine-vs-smokeball) - [Filevine vs CosmoLex](https://www.g2.com/compare/cosmolex-vs-filevine) - [Filevine vs Assembly Neos](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-filevine) - [Filevine vs CARET Legal](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-filevine) - [Filevine vs Legistify](https://www.g2.com/compare/filevine-vs-legistify-legistify) - [Filevine vs Lawmatics](https://www.g2.com/compare/filevine-vs-lawmatics) - [Filevine vs Litify](https://www.g2.com/compare/filevine-vs-litify) - [Filevine vs PracticePanther](https://www.g2.com/compare/filevine-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) ### 4. [CosmoLex](https://www.g2.com/products/cosmolex/reviews) By ProfitSolv **Average Rating:** 4.2/5 **Total Reviews:** 327 CosmoLex is cloud-based law practice management software that includes billing, trust (IOLTA) accounting, calendaring & task management. Reviewers say compared to 8am CasePeer, CosmoLex is: - Slower to reach roi Categories in common with 8am CasePeer: [Legal Practice Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-practice-management), [Legal CRM](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-crm) **Compare:** [8am CasePeer vs CosmoLex](https://www.g2.com/compare/8am-casepeer-vs-cosmolex) **Compare CosmoLex with other alternatives:** - [CosmoLex vs Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-cosmolex) - [CosmoLex vs Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/compare/cosmolex-vs-smokeball) - [CosmoLex vs Filevine](https://www.g2.com/compare/cosmolex-vs-filevine) - [CosmoLex vs Assembly Neos](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-cosmolex) - [CosmoLex vs CARET Legal](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-cosmolex) - [CosmoLex vs Legistify](https://www.g2.com/compare/cosmolex-vs-legistify-legistify) - [CosmoLex vs Lawmatics](https://www.g2.com/compare/cosmolex-vs-lawmatics) - [CosmoLex vs Litify](https://www.g2.com/compare/cosmolex-vs-litify) - [CosmoLex vs PracticePanther](https://www.g2.com/compare/cosmolex-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) ### 5. [Assembly Neos](https://www.g2.com/products/assembly-software-assembly-neos/reviews) By Assembly Software **Average Rating:** 4.5/5 **Total Reviews:** 297 Our platform is configurable for any law practice type and size and integrates with many accounting and document management programs. Reviewers say compared to 8am CasePeer, Assembly Neos is: - Slower to reach roi - More expensive - Better at meeting requirements Categories in common with 8am CasePeer: [Legal Practice Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-practice-management), [Legal Case Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-case-management) **Compare:** [8am CasePeer vs Assembly Neos](https://www.g2.com/compare/8am-casepeer-vs-assembly-software-assembly-neos) **Compare Assembly Neos with other alternatives:** - [Assembly Neos vs Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-clio-clio-manage) - [Assembly Neos vs Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-smokeball) - [Assembly Neos vs Filevine](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-filevine) - [Assembly Neos vs CosmoLex](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-cosmolex) - [Assembly Neos vs CARET Legal](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-caret-legal) - [Assembly Neos vs Legistify](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-legistify-legistify) - [Assembly Neos vs Lawmatics](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-lawmatics) - [Assembly Neos vs Litify](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-litify) - [Assembly Neos vs PracticePanther](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) ### 6. [CARET Legal](https://www.g2.com/products/caret-legal/reviews) By CARET **Average Rating:** 4.4/5 **Total Reviews:** 210 Delivering a single source of truth to data-driven firms with best-in-class matter management and robust billing, accounting and reporting in a single platform. Reviewers say compared to 8am CasePeer, CARET Legal is: - Slower to reach roi - Easier to admin - Easier to do business with Categories in common with 8am CasePeer: [Legal Practice Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-practice-management), [Legal Case Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-case-management) **Compare:** [8am CasePeer vs CARET Legal](https://www.g2.com/compare/8am-casepeer-vs-caret-legal) **Compare CARET Legal with other alternatives:** - [CARET Legal vs Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-clio-clio-manage) - [CARET Legal vs Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-smokeball) - [CARET Legal vs Filevine](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-filevine) - [CARET Legal vs CosmoLex](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-cosmolex) - [CARET Legal vs Assembly Neos](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-caret-legal) - [CARET Legal vs Legistify](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-legistify-legistify) - [CARET Legal vs Lawmatics](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-lawmatics) - [CARET Legal vs Litify](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-litify) - [CARET Legal vs PracticePanther](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) ### 7. [Legistify](https://www.g2.com/products/legistify-legistify/reviews) By Legistify **Average Rating:** 5.0/5 **Total Reviews:** 301 Legistify transforms legal tech with an advanced platform for contracts, IP, and cases, empowering organizations for focused decision-making where it counts. Reviewers say compared to 8am CasePeer, Legistify is: - Easier to set up - Better at meeting requirements - Easier to admin Categories in common with 8am CasePeer: [Legal Case Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-case-management) **Compare:** [8am CasePeer vs Legistify](https://www.g2.com/compare/8am-casepeer-vs-legistify-legistify) **Compare Legistify with other alternatives:** - [Legistify vs Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-legistify-legistify) - [Legistify vs Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/compare/legistify-legistify-vs-smokeball) - [Legistify vs Filevine](https://www.g2.com/compare/filevine-vs-legistify-legistify) - [Legistify vs CosmoLex](https://www.g2.com/compare/cosmolex-vs-legistify-legistify) - [Legistify vs Assembly Neos](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-legistify-legistify) - [Legistify vs CARET Legal](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-legistify-legistify) - [Legistify vs Lawmatics](https://www.g2.com/compare/lawmatics-vs-legistify-legistify) - [Legistify vs Litify](https://www.g2.com/compare/legistify-legistify-vs-litify) - [Legistify vs PracticePanther](https://www.g2.com/compare/legistify-legistify-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) ### 8. [Lawmatics](https://www.g2.com/products/lawmatics/reviews) By Lawmatics **Average Rating:** 4.6/5 **Total Reviews:** 243 Increase your firm revenue with the first and only CRM, Intake and Marketing Automation platform designed specifically for lawyers, by lawyers. Reviewers say compared to 8am CasePeer, Lawmatics is: - Better at support - Slower to reach roi - Easier to do business with Categories in common with 8am CasePeer: [Legal Practice Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-practice-management), [Legal CRM](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-crm) **Compare:** [8am CasePeer vs Lawmatics](https://www.g2.com/compare/8am-casepeer-vs-lawmatics) **Compare Lawmatics with other alternatives:** - [Lawmatics vs Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-lawmatics) - [Lawmatics vs Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/compare/lawmatics-vs-smokeball) - [Lawmatics vs Filevine](https://www.g2.com/compare/filevine-vs-lawmatics) - [Lawmatics vs CosmoLex](https://www.g2.com/compare/cosmolex-vs-lawmatics) - [Lawmatics vs Assembly Neos](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-lawmatics) - [Lawmatics vs CARET Legal](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-lawmatics) - [Lawmatics vs Legistify](https://www.g2.com/compare/lawmatics-vs-legistify-legistify) - [Lawmatics vs Litify](https://www.g2.com/compare/lawmatics-vs-litify) - [Lawmatics vs PracticePanther](https://www.g2.com/compare/lawmatics-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) ### 9. [Litify](https://www.g2.com/products/litify/reviews) By Litify **Average Rating:** 4.2/5 **Total Reviews:** 229 Litify is a solution that will transform your law firm into a modern and high performing business. Reviewers say compared to 8am CasePeer, Litify is: - Slower to reach roi Categories in common with 8am CasePeer: [Legal Practice Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-practice-management), [Legal Case Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-case-management) **Compare:** [8am CasePeer vs Litify](https://www.g2.com/compare/8am-casepeer-vs-litify) **Compare Litify with other alternatives:** - [Litify vs Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-litify) - [Litify vs Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/compare/litify-vs-smokeball) - [Litify vs Filevine](https://www.g2.com/compare/filevine-vs-litify) - [Litify vs CosmoLex](https://www.g2.com/compare/cosmolex-vs-litify) - [Litify vs Assembly Neos](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-litify) - [Litify vs CARET Legal](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-litify) - [Litify vs Legistify](https://www.g2.com/compare/legistify-legistify-vs-litify) - [Litify vs Lawmatics](https://www.g2.com/compare/lawmatics-vs-litify) - [Litify vs PracticePanther](https://www.g2.com/compare/litify-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) ### 10. [PracticePanther](https://www.g2.com/products/paradigm-practicepanther/reviews) By Paradigm **Average Rating:** 4.3/5 **Total Reviews:** 113 Simple and secure law practice management software for lawyers and firms. Case management, time tracking, & more Reviewers say compared to 8am CasePeer, PracticePanther is: - Slower to reach roi - Easier to set up Categories in common with 8am CasePeer: [Legal Practice Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-practice-management), [Legal CRM](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-crm), [Legal Case Management](https://www.g2.com/categories/legal-case-management) **Compare:** [8am CasePeer vs PracticePanther](https://www.g2.com/compare/8am-casepeer-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) **Compare PracticePanther with other alternatives:** - [PracticePanther vs Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/compare/clio-clio-manage-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) - [PracticePanther vs Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/compare/paradigm-practicepanther-vs-smokeball) - [PracticePanther vs Filevine](https://www.g2.com/compare/filevine-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) - [PracticePanther vs CosmoLex](https://www.g2.com/compare/cosmolex-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) - [PracticePanther vs Assembly Neos](https://www.g2.com/compare/assembly-software-assembly-neos-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) - [PracticePanther vs CARET Legal](https://www.g2.com/compare/caret-legal-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) - [PracticePanther vs Legistify](https://www.g2.com/compare/legistify-legistify-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) - [PracticePanther vs Lawmatics](https://www.g2.com/compare/lawmatics-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) - [PracticePanther vs Litify](https://www.g2.com/compare/litify-vs-paradigm-practicepanther) --- ## 8am CasePeer Alternatives FAQs ### How does 8am CasePeer compare to Clio Manage? According to G2 data, [8am CasePeer](https://www.g2.com/products/8am-casepeer/reviews) holds a slight advantage over [Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/products/clio-clio-manage/reviews) in key usability dimensions, scoring 9.4 versus 9.0 in Usability and 9.0 versus 8.7 in Ease of Setup, indicating a more user-friendly and quicker onboarding experience. CasePeer also leads in Ease of Admin (9.0 vs 8.9), Better at Support (9.2 vs 9.1), and Easier to Do Business With (9.2 vs 9.1) by narrow margins of 0.1 to 0.4 points. Both platforms have high average ratings, with CasePeer at 4.7/5 from 188 reviews and Clio Manage at 4.6/5 from 996 reviews. Sentiment analysis reveals that Clio Manage has a broader volume of positive mentions, including 138 mentions of ease of use, 73 of efficiency, and 57 of billing, reflecting its strength as a comprehensive legal practice management solution with robust billing and document management features. In contrast, CasePeer's strengths lie in ease of use (22 mentions), case management (16 mentions), and communication (8 mentions), highlighting its focus on personal injury law firms with specialized case management and client communication tools. Clio Manage is praised for its integrated billing, client portal, and extensive third-party integrations, while CasePeer is noted for its intuitive interface tailored to personal injury law, efficient client communication via texting, and strong customer support. Both platforms have areas for improvement, with Clio users citing billing complexity and customization limits, and CasePeer users noting missing features and occasional texting issues. Overall, CasePeer excels in usability and support metrics, whereas Clio Manage offers a more comprehensive feature set and higher review volume, making it suitable for firms seeking broad functionality. ### What are the best alternatives to 8am CasePeer? Top alternatives to 8am CasePeer include [Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/products/clio-clio-manage/reviews) (4.6/5 with 996 reviews), [Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/products/smokeball/reviews) (4.7/5 with 384 reviews), and [Filevine](https://www.g2.com/products/filevine/reviews) (4.7/5 with 287 reviews). These platforms offer comprehensive legal practice management with strong case management, document handling, billing, and client communication features. Smokeball stands out for its AI-powered assistant 'Archie' that enhances productivity and document automation. Filevine offers extensive customization and automation capabilities, including AI-assisted document summarization. Clio Manage provides an all-in-one cloud-native platform with extensive integrations, advanced billing, and client portal features. ### What features do alternatives offer that 8am CasePeer does not? 8am CasePeer lacks a native e-signature tool, robust AI features for medical record review and summarization, customizable note tags and intake forms, integrated voice communication, mass texting with attachments, advanced reporting with detailed timestamps, and a dedicated mobile app. It also has limited integration with document storage platforms like Dropbox and Google Drive, and lacks comprehensive calendar functionality such as repeating events and unified firm calendars. ### Which Legal Practice Management tools do reviewers recommend instead of 8am CasePeer? Reviewers recommend [Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/products/clio-clio-manage/reviews) for its ease of use, comprehensive billing, document management, and client communication capabilities, supported by 138 mentions of ease of use and 57 mentions of billing. [Smokeball](https://www.g2.com/products/smokeball/reviews) is praised for its AI assistant Archie, ease of use, and excellent customer support, with 36 mentions of ease of use and 20 mentions of support. [Filevine](https://www.g2.com/products/filevine/reviews) is favored for its customization, task management, and AI features, with 109 mentions of ease of use and 29 mentions of customization. These tools are recommended for firms seeking enhanced automation, better customization, and integrated AI capabilities beyond what 8am CasePeer currently offers. ### Why do users choose Clio Manage over 8am CasePeer? Users choose [Clio Manage](https://www.g2.com/products/clio-clio-manage/reviews) over 8am CasePeer primarily for its comprehensive billing and invoicing capabilities, which are frequently highlighted as a major advantage with 57 mentions of billing and 45 mentions of billing ease. Clio Manage's integrated client portal and seamless document management, praised in 56 mentions, streamline client communication and case handling, making it a preferred choice for firms requiring an all-in-one solution. Clio Manage's extensive third-party integrations (51 mentions) and its cloud-based accessibility enable firms to customize workflows and collaborate remotely, which appeals to a broad range of legal practices beyond personal injury. The platform's ability to centralize case data, track time efficiently, and automate workflows contributes to improved operational efficiency, as reflected in 73 mentions of efficiency and 38 mentions of task management. Additionally, Clio Manage's scalability and adaptability to various practice areas, supported by its customizable fields and matter-centric structure, make it attractive to growing firms. Users also appreciate the continuous updates and active development of new features, including AI integrations, which keep the platform current and competitive. These factors, combined with strong customer support and a large user community, drive preference for Clio Manage among legal professionals seeking a versatile and robust practice management system. ## Explore Articles - [What desktop search tools are most trusted by operations managers at financial services and tech firms?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/desktop-search-what-desktop-search-tools-are-most-trusted-by-operations-managers-at-financial-services-and-tech-firm) - [Best-rated app to manage business passwords](https://www.g2.com/discussions/best-rated-app-to-manage-business-passwords) - [Which aviation compliance monitoring solutions offer customizable workflows that adapt to operational processes?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/which-aviation-compliance-monitoring-solutions-offer-customizable-workflows-that-adapt-to-operational-processes) - [Which vendor offers real-time audience engagement features?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/which-vendor-offers-real-time-audience-engagement-features) - [Leading voice recognition app for remote teams in tech](https://www.g2.com/discussions/leading-voice-recognition-app-for-remote-teams-in-tech) - [Which health care credentialing platforms are most trusted by credentialing managers based on user reviews?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/which-health-care-credentialing-platforms-are-most-trusted-by-credentialing-managers-based-on-user-reviews) ## Spotlight Categories - [Sales Enablement Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/sales-enablement) - [Email Marketing Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/email-marketing) - [Managed Detection and Response (MDR) Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/managed-detection-and-response-mdr)