Best Operating Systems
Operating systems (OS) allow users to perform the basic functions of a computer. The best operating systems oversee all software and peripheral hardware and accesses the central processing unit (CPU) for memory or storage. It also makes it possible for a system to run applications simultaneously.
All PCs, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and servers require an OS. Developers may opt for specific operating systems more conducive to programming and application development. In contrast, the average employee will likely use a proprietary system for more common, everyday usage. The most common operating systems for businesses are Microsoft’s Windows, Apple’s OS X, and Linux distributions, as well as mobile operating systems for smartphones.
To qualify for inclusion in the Operating System category, a product must:
Best Operating Systems At A Glance
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Apple's iOS is a sophisticated mobile operating system that powers the iPhone, offering a seamless and intuitive user experience. With each iteration, iOS introduces innovative features and enhancemen
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Windows 11 is Microsoft's latest operating system, designed to provide a seamless and intuitive user experience across various devices. With a fresh, modern interface and enhanced performance, Windows
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ChromeOS is a lightweight, cloud-centric operating system developed by Google, designed to provide a fast, secure, and user-friendly computing experience. Built upon the Linux kernel, it primarily uti
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Android Enterprise Management is a comprehensive solution designed to simplify the deployment, management, and security of Android devices within business environments. It offers a suite of tools that
31,775,247 Twitter followers
Ubuntu is the Linux OS that’s made for everyone. Harness the freedom and creativity of open source, from laptops and workstations to servers and IoT devices Published by Canonical, Ubuntu brings yo
Ubuntu is a Linux-based operating system used for various purposes including engineering, personal use, and IT-related tasks. Reviewers like Ubuntu's user-friendly interface, strong community support, and its ability to run smoothly even on low-end hardware, making it a reliable option for both personal and professional use. Reviewers mentioned issues with software compatibility, frequent updates causing disruptions, and a steep learning curve for those transitioning from other operating systems.
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Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a enterprise operating system designed to provide a secure, stable, and high-performance environment for modern IT infrastructures. It supports a wide range of appli
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macOS Sierra, version 10.12, is the thirteenth major release of Apple's desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. Released on September 20, 2016, it introduced several significant features aim
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Windows 7, released by Microsoft in October 2009, is a desktop operating system designed to enhance user experience and system performance. Building upon its predecessor, Windows Vista, it introduced
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IBM i is a fully integrated operating system designed for IBM Power servers, combining database, middleware, security, runtime, and hypervisor into a single, cohesive solution. This integration simpli
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OS X El Capitan, version 10.11 of Apple's Mac operating system, was released on September 30, 2015. Named after the iconic rock formation in Yosemite National Park, this update focused on enhancing pe
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OS X Mountain Lion, version 10.8, is the ninth major release of Apple's desktop operating system for Macintosh computers, launched on July 25, 2012. This release introduced over 200 new features, many
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OS X Mavericks, version 10.9, is the tenth major release of Apple's desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. Announced on June 10, 2013, and released on October 22, 2013, Mavericks introduced
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A highly performant and secure operating environment, Oracle Linux delivers virtualization, management, automation, and cloud native computing tools, along with the operating system, in a single, easy
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FortiOS is Fortinet's proprietary operating system that serves as the foundation of the Fortinet Security Fabric, delivering integrated security and networking capabilities across various environments
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Oracle Solaris 11 is a robust, enterprise-grade UNIX operating system engineered to deliver consistent compatibility, simplicity, and security for mission-critical applications. Designed over two deca
825,317 Twitter followers
Learn More About Operating Systems
What is an operating system?
An operating system, or OS, manages a computer’s hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The OS controls the computer's resources as the system interface between the hardware components and the user. Every computer system requires one OS to run several software programs.
Whether it is common tasks like document creation and browser software or highly specialized applications, numerous computer applications rely on operating systems as a foundation for storage and execution. The OS takes care of it, as these applications cannot directly interact with hardware.
The majority of store-bought personal computers come with pre-installed modern operating systems. Mobile devices also have their form of OS (such as Android and iOS). In many cases, a user can install different OS software on top of the embedded systems already present within a computer.
Some of the main functions of OS platforms include memory management, device management, file management, security, error-detecting aids, and CPU management. OS also manages different device's file structures and regulates user access and control.
What are the common features of an operating system?
Operating systems offer a range of core features that users find highly beneficial, including:
- Software updates: Regular updates ensure the operating system stays current with advancements, improvements, and security patches. These updates, from aesthetic enhancements to critical security fixes, showcase the developers' commitment to continuous support and improvement.
- Vendor support: Modern OS offers streamlined vendor support through online communication channels. Users can easily connect with developers to offer feedback, address performance issues, or troubleshoot problems. Built-in support features, tutorials, and help articles provide a seamless support experience.
- Applications: Operating systems have proprietary programs, from note-taking and media players to games and calculators. Such applications are often key for users when choosing an operating system, as they enhance the overall functionality and user experience.
- Permissions: The permissions feature allows users to manage access to the system and maintain security and privacy on shared devices. It enables users to create multiple accounts on a single computer, delegate access to employees, and control file and program access.
- Security: Operating systems emphasize security as a paramount feature by acting as gatekeepers for files, data, and critical applications. OS platforms have built-in security offerings to identify, block, and combat threats. These security measures, including recovery tools, protect against hacks, viruses, and system failures.
What are the benefits of an operating system?
The benefits of using an operating system include:
- Device control: The primary role of an operating system is device control. It acts as the intermediary between the hardware and users. It allows the loading and management of applications, enabling users to interact with the device seamlessly.
- Customizable graphic user interface (GUI): A GUI simplifies computer communication, allowing users to manage and execute various tasks efficiently. Operating systems facilitate the process by providing users with a smooth and customizable GUI.
- Resource sharing: OS platforms facilitate the sharing of resources among different devices, including modems, printers, and music players. Users can easily share files via emails or transfer data to other devices, promoting collaboration and connectivity.
- Non-requirement of coding: The OS is a user-friendly platform, eliminating the users’ need for coding knowledge to access and utilize computer functionalities. This enhances accessibility for a broader user base.
- Data security: Operating systems are crucial in safeguarding user data. Using bit-to-bit encryption, the OS ensures that sensitive information stored on the computer remains secure and can only be accessed by authorized users.
- Memory management: The OS oversees memory allocation and utilization and optimizes RAM and other memory resources. This ensures that applications run efficiently and do not overload the system, improving overall performance.
- Hardware compatibility: Operating systems ensure compatibility across various devices by providing a layer of abstraction between applications and hardware. This abstraction allows software developers to create applications running on different hardware configurations.
- User account management: An OS supports user account management, allowing multiple users to have personalized settings and access levels. This feature is essential for shared devices and ensures a secure and personalized computing experience.
- Error handling: Operating systems incorporate error-handling mechanisms to detect and manage errors that may occur during the execution of programs. This helps prevent system crashes and enhances the overall stability of the computing environment.
Who uses an operating system?
Operating systems are used by everyone who owns a digital device. However, some professions need to customize their OS for themes, visual elements, hardware requirements, and security settings, Such systems are most commonly used by the following professionals:
- Developers: Developers use operating systems as a foundation for designing and developing software and applications. The choice of an operating system is critical for aligning with coding specializations and supporting development workflows.
- Designers: Graphic designers and other design professionals rely on operating systems to handle modern and data-intensive design applications efficiently. The right operating system and suitable hardware are essential for designers seeking speed, power, and ample memory for their creative processes.
- Gamers: The desktop gaming community heavily relies on operating systems to support their gaming activities. Enthusiastic gamers invest in operating systems that meet the specifications demanded by their games, ensuring optimal performance and stability during gameplay.
- Business professionals: Operating systems are fundamental tools for business professionals, impacting productivity, collaboration, and overall efficiency within professional settings. They facilitate tasks like document creation, communication, and data management.
- Educational institutions: Operating systems are widely used in educational settings, providing a platform for teaching and learning. From basic computer literacy to advanced programming courses, educational institutions leverage operating systems to facilitate various academic activities.
- Medical professionals: In healthcare settings, operating systems manage electronic health records (EHR), medical imaging, and various diagnostic tools. Medical professionals rely on operating systems to access and analyze patient data securely.
- Scientists and researchers: Operating systems play a crucial role in scientific research by supporting computational simulations, data analysis, and modeling. Researchers from various fields rely on operating systems to conduct experiments and process complex datasets.
- Government agencies: Operating systems are integral to government operations, supporting data management, communication, and administrative functions. Government agencies use operating systems to ensure the smooth functioning of various departments.
- Defense forces: Defence forces utilize operating systems for various applications, from mission planning and communication to managing complex defense systems. Operating systems play a critical role in ensuring the security and efficiency of military operations, both in command centers and on the field.
Operating system pricing
Operating systems typically follow different pricing models based on their type, the target audience, and the usage context. Here are some standard pricing models for operating systems:
- Commercial license: Operating systems following a commercial license model require users to purchase a license. This model is typical for widely used desktop operating systems and often involves different editions with varying features and pricing.
- Free and open source: Operating systems under the open-source model are freely available for users to download, use, modify, and distribute. Users do not need to pay for the OS, but expenses may be associated with support services or additional features.
- Subscription model: Some operating systems adopt a subscription-based model, particularly in enterprise and server environments. Users pay a recurring fee for continuous access to updates, support, and other services. This is common in cloud-based and server operating systems.
- Device or Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) licensing: In device or OEM licensing, the operating system comes pre-installed on devices, and the cost of the OS is typically included in the overall price of the device. This model is common for personal computers, laptops, and mobile devices.
- Volume licensing: Organizations that require multiple copies of an operating system may opt for volume licensing. This model suits businesses and educational institutions and offers cost savings for bulk purchases and centralized management capabilities.
Challenges with operating systems
Some common challenges with operating systems are:
- Complexity: Operating systems present complexities in terms of programming, installation, and general usability. Even ostensibly user-friendly platforms may pose obstacles for average users throughout the usage lifecycle.
- Integrations and application support: Compatibility issues between a user's preferred operating system and existing hardware or applications can persist long after the initial setup. The growth of cloud computing has mitigated some of these complexities by enabling users to manage files or applications without relying solely on local hard drives.
- Security concerns: OS platforms are susceptible to malware, viruses, and cyberattacks. Maintaining robust security measures, like regular updates and antivirus software, is essential to safeguarding the system and user data.
- User interface variability: Different operating systems often have distinct user interfaces, resulting in a learning curve for users transitioning between platforms. This variability can lead to confusion and inefficiencies among users, particularly in workplaces with diverse operating system preferences.
- Resource consumption: Operating systems can consume significant system resources, affecting the overall performance of a device. Resource-intensive features, background processes, and system updates may strain hardware, leading to slower performance and reduced responsiveness.
- Update management: Managing software updates is critical to operating system maintenance. Users may encounter challenges in compatibility or dependency, keeping their systems up-to-date, potentially exposing vulnerabilities and compromising system stability.
- User accessibility: The accessibility features of operating systems vary, impacting users with disabilities. Ensuring that operating systems provide adequate accessibility options is crucial for creating an inclusive computing environment.
- Data backup and recovery: Operating systems must have robust data backup and recovery mechanisms. Challenges arise if users fail to regularly back up their data like difficulties in restoring files after system failures.
- User privacy concerns: Privacy issues like data collection and tracking can affect certain operating systems. Users may face challenges in controlling their personal information and managing privacy settings effectively.
Which companies should buy operating systems?
Companies of all sizes purchase and use operating systems for building apps and websites. Below are some examples of companies that should consider buying operating systems:
- Technology giants: Established technology companies, like Google, Microsoft, and Apple, continually invest in operating system development to maintain control over their ecosystem and enhance user experiences.
- Cloud service providers: Companies offering cloud computing services, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) or Microsoft Azure, might invest in operating systems tailored for cloud environments to optimize performance and security for their services.
- Automotive companies: With the rise of connected and autonomous vehicles, automotive companies may benefit from developing or securing operating systems to power in-car infotainment, navigation, and other smart vehicle features.
- IoT (Internet of Things) companies: Companies specializing in IoT devices could invest in or develop lightweight operating systems tailored for resource-constrained devices to power a wide range of connected products.
- Enterprise software providers: Companies offering enterprise software solutions like Oracle or SAP might consider developing or obtaining operating systems that complement their business applications and improve overall system performance.
- Open-source software companies: Organizations focusing on open-source solutions, like Red Hat, may acquire or contribute to developing open-source operating systems to expand their portfolio and support the broader open-source community.
- Startups and innovators: Emerging companies with innovative ideas for new computing platforms, edge computing, or novel device categories may see value in developing their operating systems to support their unique offerings.
- Security firms: Companies specializing in cybersecurity may consider developing or procuring operating systems with advanced security features to provide more resilient and secure computing environments.
How to choose an operating system
Choosing an operating system depends on the business’s needs, preferences, and work type. The following explains the step-by-step process buyers can use to find a suitable operating system:
Identifying business needs and priorities
Identifying business needs and priorities in selecting an operating system is a crucial step. This involves a comprehensive assessment of specific requirements. Scale, user support, and compatibility play a pivotal role for businesses.
The purpose of the operating system, whether for personal or business use, guides the decision-making process. Factors such as development capabilities, hardware preferences, and the balance between customization and control must be carefully evaluated.
Choosing the necessary technology and features
When choosing an operating system, several key factors necessitate meticulous consideration. First and foremost, the specific business requirements play a pivotal role, as the chosen OS should seamlessly align with the organization's operational needs.
It is essential to evaluate the development capabilities required, whether for widespread business support or specialized development purposes. Hardware preferences also come into play, particularly if there is a strong affinity for a specific brand, as certain operating systems are inherently tied to particular hardware devices.
Customization options are crucial, especially for those opting for open-source operating systems, which offer high levels of adaptability but may require a deeper technical understanding.
Compatibility with existing systems is critical to ensure a smooth transition without disruptions. Stability considerations are paramount to avoid crashes that could affect data safety and accessibility.
Reviewing vendor vision, roadmap, viability, and support
Choosing vendors involves a systematic approach where organizations define their requirements, conduct thorough research to identify potential candidates, and assess various factors such as reputation, financial stability, expertise, and product quality.
Evaluating the vendor's vision, scalability, and support options is crucial, and referencing past clients helps gauge satisfaction levels. Additionally, considering compliance, security measures, and transparent pricing structures aids in making informed decisions.
Negotiating favorable terms and reviewing contract details ensure a mutually beneficial partnership, aligning the vendor's offerings with the organization's needs and goals.
Evaluating the deployment and purchasing model
Engage IT planners and key decision-makers to assess platform integration and custom development needs. The final evaluation should incorporate end users' feedback on integration, usability, and departmental requirements.
Low-code platforms come with diverse business-serving models and pricing structures, ranging from end-user pricing to metrics-based approaches. Understanding the total cost of operation and maintenance is vital, and considering different platforms eases proof-of-concept development. Before making decisions, buyers must grasp all costs, including data retrieval, recurring fees, and additional charges.
Putting it all together
Consider factors such as compatibility with your hardware and software requirements, user interface preferences, security features, and whether you prioritize open-source options. Research and evaluate popular operating systems like Windows, macOS, and various Linux distributions to determine which best aligns with your computing goals and workflow.
The final decision involves consensus from the selection committee, including end users. This buy-in is crucial for the solution's smooth implementation and successful adoption. By bringing in diverse perspectives and considering their feedback, your organization ensures your decision meets immediate needs and aligns with future goals
Operating system trends
- Cloud Operating Systems (COS): Tailored for cloud infrastructure, COS provides high scalability, auto-scaling, load balancing, and robust security for efficiently handling cloud-based applications.
- Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS): Ideal for embedded systems and IoT devices, RTOS ensures deterministic behavior and a small memory footprint, catering to real-time processing requirements.
- Container Operating Systems (COS): Facilitating lightweight and efficient containerized applications, COS simplifies deployment, scaling, and management with added features like security and networking.
- Serverless Operating Systems (SOS): Optimized for serverless computing, SOS offers auto-scaling cost efficiency through a pay-as-you-go model and focuses on functions as a service (FaaS)
- AI-powered operating systems: By integrating AI features like natural language processing and machine learning, these systems analyze data for intelligent applications such as chatbots and autonomous vehicles.
- Blockchain Operating Systems (BOS): Designed for blockchain-based applications, BOS provides security, consensus, and smart contract execution, transforming sectors like supply chain management and healthcare.
- Hybrid Operating Systems (HOS): Although managing different environments introduces complexity, versatile HOS runs on diverse platforms, offering compatibility, scalability, and security for modern software development.
Researched and written by Shalaka Joshi
Reviewed and edited by Supanna Das
