# JumpCloud, Rippling IT vs LastPass Comparison

| | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Star Rating** | 4.5 out of 5 | 4.7 out of 5 | 4.5 out of 5 | 
| **Total Reviews** | 3,977 | 1,107 | 2,050 | 
| **Largest Market Segment** | Mid-Market (54.2% of reviews) | Mid-Market (65.6% of reviews) | Small-Business (63.9% of reviews) | 
| **Entry Level Price** | $3.00 1 User Per Month | No pricing available | $7.00 1 User/Per Month, Billed Annually | 

---
## Top Pros & Cons

### JumpCloud

Pros:
- Ease of Use (766 reviews)
- Device Management (588 reviews)

Cons:
- Missing Features (326 reviews)
- Improvement Needed (263 reviews)

### Rippling IT

Pros:
- Ease of Use (675 reviews)
- Intuitive (467 reviews)

Cons:
- Missing Features (164 reviews)
- Limited Features (112 reviews)

### LastPass

Pros:
- Ease of Use (197 reviews)
- Password Management (152 reviews)

Cons:
- Autofill Issues (74 reviews)
- Password Management (70 reviews)

---
## Ratings Comparison
| Rating | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
  | **Meets Requirements** | 8.8 (3186 reviews) | 9.5 (784 reviews) | 9.2 (1715 reviews) | 
  | **Ease of Use** | 9.0 (3220 reviews) | 9.5 (886 reviews) | 8.7 (1747 reviews) | 
  | **Ease of Setup** | 8.8 (2978 reviews) | 9.3 (513 reviews) | 8.8 (850 reviews) | 
  | **Ease of Admin** | 9.0 (2723 reviews) | 9.0 (193 reviews) | 8.4 (553 reviews) | 
  | **Quality of Support** | 8.8 (2912 reviews) | 9.3 (702 reviews) | 8.3 (1048 reviews) | 
  | **Has the product been a good partner in doing business?** | 9.0 (2584 reviews) | 8.9 (193 reviews) | 8.6 (497 reviews) | 
  | **Product Direction (% positive)** | 9.3 (3081 reviews) | 9.3 (762 reviews) | 8.1 (1682 reviews) | 

---
## Pricing

### JumpCloud

#### Entry-Level Pricing

Plan: Cloud Directory

Price: $3.00 1 User Per Month

Key Features:
- For pricing please visit: https://jumpcloud.com/pricing

[Learn more about JumpCloud](https://www.g2.com/products/jumpcloud/reviews)

#### Free Trial

Yes

### Rippling IT

#### Entry-Level Pricing

No pricing available

#### Free Trial

Yes

### LastPass

#### Entry-Level Pricing

Plan: LastPass Business

Price: $7.00 1 User/Per Month, Billed Annually

Description: Effortless password and access management.  Best for small businesses, agencies and commercial/enterprise business units. 

Key Features:
- All the features in LastPass Teams Plus...
- Unlimited purchasable users   
- 100+ security policies

[Browse all 3 editions](https://www.g2.com/products/lastpass/pricing)

#### Free Trial

Yes

---
## Features Comparison By Category

### Single Sign-On (SSO)

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | 8.8/10 | 1560 |
| **Rippling IT** | 9.2/10 | 474 |
| **LastPass** | 8.7/10 | 171 |

#### Authentication Options

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Authentication User experience** | 9.1 (1440 reviews) | 9.5 (374 reviews) | 8.8 (149 reviews) | 
| **Supports Required Authentication systems** | 8.9 (1376 reviews) | 9.3 (333 reviews) | 8.5 (140 reviews) | 
| **Multi-Factor Authentication** | 9.1 (1394 reviews) | 9.5 (352 reviews) | 8.9 (135 reviews) | 
| **Supports Required Authentication Methods/Protocols** | 9.0 (1355 reviews) | 9.5 (327 reviews) | 8.7 (127 reviews) | 
| **Federation/SAML support (idp)** | 8.9 (1277 reviews) | 9.1 (281 reviews) | 8.4 (102 reviews) | 
| **Federation/SAML support (sp)** | 8.8 (1202 reviews) | 9.1 (277 reviews) | 8.4 (97 reviews) | 

#### Access Control Types

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Endpoint access** | 8.9 (1307 reviews) | 9.3 (311 reviews) | Feature Not Available | 
| **Local Access** | 8.8 (1266 reviews) | 9.1 (291 reviews) | 8.8 (131 reviews) | 
| **Remote Access** | 8.6 (1240 reviews) | 9.1 (297 reviews) | 9.0 (127 reviews) | 
| **Partner Access** | 8.4 (1048 reviews) | 9.1 (274 reviews) | 8.6 (106 reviews) | 
| **Supports BYOD users** | 8.4 (1113 reviews) | 9.1 (283 reviews) | 8.8 (109 reviews) | 

#### Administration

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Ease of installation on server** | 8.8 (1160 reviews) | 9.2 (293 reviews) | 8.7 (113 reviews) | 
| **Password Policy Enforcement** | 9.2 (1331 reviews) | 9.3 (307 reviews) | 8.9 (127 reviews) | 
| **Administration Console** | 9.1 (1376 reviews) | 9.1 (305 reviews) | 8.7 (124 reviews) | 
| **Ease of connecting applications** | 8.7 (1327 reviews) | 9.3 (324 reviews) | 8.7 (118 reviews) | 
| **Self Service Password Administration** | 8.8 (1313 reviews) | 9.4 (297 reviews) | 9.0 (124 reviews) | 

#### Platform

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Multiple Operating system support** | 9.1 (1316 reviews) | 9.3 (277 reviews) | 9.0 (123 reviews) | 
| **Multi-Domain Support** | 8.8 (1081 reviews) | 9.3 (260 reviews) | 8.9 (113 reviews) | 
| **Cross Browser support** | 9.0 (1226 reviews) | 9.3 (277 reviews) | 9.0 (126 reviews) | 
| **Fail over protection** | 8.5 (1055 reviews) | 9.0 (249 reviews) | 8.5 (101 reviews) | 
| **Reporting** | 8.2 (1230 reviews) | 9.1 (272 reviews) | 8.4 (109 reviews) | 
| **Auditing** | 8.4 (1179 reviews) | 9.0 (252 reviews) | 8.4 (105 reviews) | 
| **Third Party Web Services support** | 8.5 (1114 reviews) | 9.2 (249 reviews) | 8.2 (96 reviews) | 

### User Provisioning and Governance Tools

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | 8.5/10 | 917 |
| **Rippling IT** | 8.8/10 | 52 |
| **LastPass** | N/A | N/A |

#### User on/off Boarding

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Self Service Access requests** | 8.6 (632 reviews) | 8.8 (32 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Smart/Automated Provisioning** | 8.6 (733 reviews) ✓ Verified | 9.2 (43 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Role Management** | 8.8 (797 reviews) ✓ Verified | 8.8 (37 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Policy Management** | 8.9 (757 reviews) ✓ Verified | 9.0 (33 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Access Termination** | 9.0 (734 reviews) ✓ Verified | 9.4 (39 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Approval Workflows** | 8.2 (570 reviews) | 8.8 (32 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### User Maintenance

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Self Service Password Reset** | 8.9 (789 reviews) ✓ Verified | 8.7 (32 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Bulk Changes** | 8.6 (725 reviews) ✓ Verified | 9.1 (27 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Bi-directional Identity Synchronization** | 8.5 (647 reviews) ✓ Verified | 8.8 (28 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Governance

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Identifies and Alerts for Threats** | 8.0 (578 reviews) | 8.8 (27 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Compliance Audits** | 8.3 (635 reviews) ✓ Verified | 8.7 (31 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Administration

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Reporting** | 8.1 (750 reviews) ✓ Verified | 9.0 (29 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Mobile App** | 7.4 (577 reviews) | 7.9 (32 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Ease of set up for target systems** | 8.6 (759 reviews) ✓ Verified | 9.0 (34 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **APIs** | 8.3 (623 reviews) ✓ Verified | 8.7 (29 reviews) | Not enough data | 

### Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | N/A | N/A |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | 8.0/10 | 268 |

#### Authentication type

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **SMS-Based** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.0 (212 reviews) ✓ Verified | 
| **Voice-Based Telephony** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 6.5 (176 reviews) | 
| **Email-Based** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.0 (205 reviews) | 
| **Hardware Token-Based** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 7.3 (178 reviews) ✓ Verified | 
| **Software Token** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.2 (202 reviews) ✓ Verified | 
| **Biometric Factor** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.3 (204 reviews) ✓ Verified | 
| **Mobile-Push** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.6 (213 reviews) | 
| **Risk-Based Authentication** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 7.8 (180 reviews) ✓ Verified | 

#### Functionality

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Multi-Device Sync** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 9.1 (236 reviews) ✓ Verified | 
| **Backup** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.6 (216 reviews) ✓ Verified | 

#### Implementation

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Easy Setup** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 9.0 (246 reviews) ✓ Verified | 
| **Mobile SDK** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 7.2 (164 reviews) | 
| **Web SDK** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 7.3 (165 reviews) | 

### SaaS Spend Management

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | 8.8/10 | 24 |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | N/A | N/A |

#### Tracking

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Spend Tracking ** | 8.4 (22 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **SaaS Utilization Tracking ** | 9.1 (22 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **User Sentiment Tracking ** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Management

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Contract Management ** | 9.0 (21 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Application Catalog ** | 8.7 (22 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Dashboards and Visualizations ** | 9.2 (22 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Insights

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Recommendations  ** | 9.2 (17 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Spend Forecasting and Optimization ** | 8.8 (17 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Peer Benchmarking ** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Reporting** | 8.4 (18 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Agentic AI - SaaS Spend Management

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Autonomous Task Execution** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-step Planning** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Cross-system Integration** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Adaptive Learning** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Natural Language Interaction** | 8.3 (15 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Proactive Assistance** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Decision Making** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

### Cloud Directory Services

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | 8.7/10 | 1632 |
| **Rippling IT** | 9.3/10 | 33 |
| **LastPass** | N/A | N/A |

#### Access Control

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Role Management** | 8.8 (1348 reviews) | 9.2 (26 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Access Termination** | 8.9 (1316 reviews) | 9.4 (27 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Remote Access** | 8.5 (1250 reviews) | 9.3 (26 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Partner Access** | 8.3 (1067 reviews) | 9.1 (25 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Administration

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Smart/Automated Provisioning** | 8.7 (1224 reviews) | 9.3 (27 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Policy Management** | 8.7 (1345 reviews) | 9.2 (24 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **On-premise identity repositories supported** | 8.5 (1132 reviews) | 9.1 (24 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Ease of Connecting Applications** | 8.5 (1286 reviews) | 9.2 (26 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Functionality

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **SSO** | 9.0 (1327 reviews) | 9.3 (27 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-Factor Authentication** | 9.1 (1310 reviews) | 9.6 (26 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Supports Required Authentication systems** | 8.9 (1237 reviews) | 9.3 (26 reviews) | Not enough data | 

### Unified Endpoint Management (UEM)

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | 8.8/10 | 398 |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | N/A | N/A |

#### Scope

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Endpoint Inclusiveness** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-OS Support** | 9.1 (366 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Security

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Reporting and Alerts** | 8.5 (358 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Endpoint Protection** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Remote Wiping** | 8.7 (345 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Management

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Device Enrollment** | 9.1 (354 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Device Configuration** | 8.9 (349 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Device Compliance** | 8.9 (354 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Usage Information** | 8.7 (342 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Data Separation** | 8.1 (325 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Agentic AI - Unified Endpoint Management (UEM)

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Autonomous Task Execution** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-step Planning** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Cross-system Integration** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Adaptive Learning** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Natural Language Interaction** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Proactive Assistance** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Decision Making** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

### Biometric Authentication

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | N/A | N/A |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | 8.0/10 | 100 |

#### Integration

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Uses Open Standards** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.3 (68 reviews) | 
| **Mobile SDK** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 7.2 (67 reviews) | 
| **Workforce Authentication** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 7.4 (66 reviews) | 
| **Customer Authentication** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 7.5 (64 reviews) | 

#### Administration

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Encryption** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 9.0 (81 reviews) | 
| **Audit Trails** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.2 (68 reviews) | 
| **Regulatory Compliance** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.3 (70 reviews) | 

### Risk-Based Authentication (RBA)

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | N/A | N/A |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | 9.1/10 | 15 |

#### Administration

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Bi-Directional Identity Synchronization** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 9.3 (10 reviews) | 
| **Policy Management** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 9.0 (12 reviews) | 
| **Cloud Directory** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.9 (12 reviews) | 
| **Application Integrations** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

### Privileged Access Management (PAM)

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | 8.8/10 | 664 |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | N/A | N/A |

#### Administration

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Policy, User, and Role Management** | 9.0 (578 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Approval Workflows** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Automated Provisioning** | 8.8 (532 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Bulk Changes** | 8.8 (528 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Centralized Management** | 9.1 (564 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Self-Service Access Requests** | 8.7 (510 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Functionality

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Multi-Factor Authentication** | 9.2 (551 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Single Sign-On** | 9.2 (546 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **BYOD support** | 8.6 (468 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Password Vault** | 8.6 (437 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Centralized management** | 9.1 (535 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Role-based security** | 9.0 (528 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Live notifications** | 8.7 (488 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Live session recording & playback** | 8.3 (81 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Hide passwords** | 8.9 (473 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Temporary, time-limited privilege** | 8.7 (440 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Monitoring

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Audit Logging** | 8.7 (514 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Activity Logging** | 8.6 (533 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Anomaly Detection** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Reporting

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Audit log** | 8.6 (514 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Reporting** | 8.5 (517 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

### Password Policy Enforcement

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | 8.9/10 | 1174 |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | N/A | N/A |

#### Functionality

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Active Directory integration** | 8.8 (904 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **LDAP integration** | 8.8 (937 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Hacker dictionary** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Custom blacklist dictionary** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Administration

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Password synchronization** | 9.0 (1045 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Centralized management** | 9.2 (1069 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Group policy complexity controls** | 8.7 (1021 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Multiple policies** | 8.8 (992 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-lingual** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Compliance

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **NIST-compliant** | 8.7 (801 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **NCSC-compliant** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Section 508-compliant** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

### Passwordless Authentication

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | N/A | N/A |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | 8.1/10 | 149 |

#### Functionality

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **FIDO2-compliant** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 7.7 (100 reviews) | 
| **Works with hardware security keys** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 7.8 (105 reviews) | 
| **Multiple authentication methods** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.8 (132 reviews) | 
| **Offline or no-phone solution** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.0 (105 reviews) | 

### Identity and Access Management (IAM)

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | 8.7/10 | 1550 |
| **Rippling IT** | 9.2/10 | 139 |
| **LastPass** | N/A | N/A |

#### Functionality

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **User provisioning** | 9.0 (1404 reviews) | 9.4 (107 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Password manager** | 8.4 (1201 reviews) | 9.1 (90 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Single Sign-on** | 9.1 (1358 reviews) | 9.2 (97 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Enforces policies** | 9.0 (1348 reviews) | 9.4 (98 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Authentication** | 9.2 (1384 reviews) | 9.3 (97 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-factor authentication** | 9.1 (1343 reviews) | 9.3 (96 reviews) | Not enough data | 

####  Type

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **On-premises solution** | 8.2 (1059 reviews) | 9.0 (12 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Cloud-solution** | 9.0 (1363 reviews) | 9.1 (87 reviews) | Not enough data | 

####  Reporting

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Tracking** | 8.4 (1250 reviews) | 9.2 (89 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Reporting** | 8.4 (1286 reviews) | 9.1 (89 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Access & Permission Change Reporting** | 8.5 (161 reviews) | 9.8 (14 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Compliance & Audit Trail Export** | 8.4 (161 reviews) | 9.6 (14 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Authentication & Authorization - Identity and Access Management (IAM)

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Adaptive & Contextual Access Control** | 8.8 (155 reviews) | 9.5 (16 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Administration & Governance - Identity and Access Management (IAM)

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Identity Lifecycle Management** | 8.6 (167 reviews) | 9.8 (32 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Self‑Service Account Management** | 8.7 (160 reviews) | 9.6 (17 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Generative AI - Identity and Access Management (IAM)

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **AI‑Driven Access Anomaly Detection** | Feature Not Available | 8.3 (15 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Automated Policy Tuning** | Feature Not Available | 8.3 (15 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Predictive Role Recommendations** | Feature Not Available | 8.3 (15 reviews) | Not enough data | 

### Dark Web Monitoring

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | N/A | N/A |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | 8.4/10 | 82 |

#### Functionality

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Monitoring - Deep Web** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.7 (70 reviews) | 
| **Monitoring - Dark Web** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.9 (78 reviews) | 
| **Analysis** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.6 (67 reviews) | 
| **Ticketing** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 7.2 (49 reviews) | 
| **Simple Search** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.5 (64 reviews) | 
| **Leak Source** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 7.7 (56 reviews) | 
| **Centralized Dashboard** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.9 (73 reviews) | 
| **Real-Time Alerts** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 8.6 (67 reviews) | 

### Remote Support

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | 8.5/10 | 664 |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | N/A | N/A |

#### Administration

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Screen Sharing** | 8.5 (582 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **File Sharing** | 8.1 (558 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Session Recording** | 8.0 (537 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Unattended Remote Access** | 8.3 (571 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Multi - Session Handling** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-Monitor Support** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Maintenance

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Remote Reboot** | 8.8 (583 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Remote Printing** | 7.8 (513 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Communication 

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Text Chat** | 7.9 (516 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **VoIP** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Video Conference Call** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Screen Annotations** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Security

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Data Encryption** | 8.8 (555 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Compliance** | 8.8 (547 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Device Support

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Mobile Device Access** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-Platform Support** | 8.9 (564 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Cross-Platform** | 8.9 (561 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Performance

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Reporting** | 8.5 (565 reviews) | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

### AI Governance Tools

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | N/A | N/A |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | N/A | N/A |

#### AI Compliance

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Regulatory Reporting** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Automated Compliance** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Audit Trails** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Risk Management & Monitoring

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **AI Risk Management** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Real-time Monitoring** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### AI Lifecycle Management

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Lifecycle Automation** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Access Control and Security

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Pole-based Access Control (RBAC)** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Collaboration and Communication 

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Model Sharing and Reuse** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Agentic AI - AI Governance Tools

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Autonomous Task Execution** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-step Planning** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Cross-system Integration** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Adaptive Learning** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Natural Language Interaction** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Proactive Assistance** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Decision Making** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

### Non-Human Identity Management (NHIM) Solutions

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | N/A | N/A |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | N/A | N/A |

#### Lifecycle & Provisioning - Non-Human Identity Management (NHIM) Solutions

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Credential Rotation & Revocation** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Automated Registration & Provisioning** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **De-Provisioning & Retirement** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Access, Authentication & Authorization - Non-Human Identity Management (NHIM) Solutions

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Fine-Grained Access Control** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Machine-Native Authentication Methods** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Contextual / Just-In-Time Access** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Visibility, Governance & Compliance - Non-Human Identity Management (NHIM) Solutions

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Policy Enforcement & Governance** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Audit Logging & Activity Monitoring** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Integration with IAM/Cloud/DevOps Ecosystem** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Discovery & Inventory of Non-Human Ids** | Not enough data | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

### Password Managers

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | N/A | N/A |
| **Rippling IT** | 9.1/10 | 158 |
| **LastPass** | 8.7/10 | 1335 |

#### Usability & Access

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Quick Login** | Not enough data | 9.3 (131 reviews) | 8.9 (1250 reviews) | 
| **Browser Extension** | Not enough data | 9.1 (125 reviews) | 8.9 (1228 reviews) | 
| **Mobile App Usability** | Not enough data | 9.1 (115 reviews) | 8.5 (1120 reviews) | 
| **Multi-Device Use** | Not enough data | 9.2 (115 reviews) | 9.0 (1174 reviews) | 
| **Admin Management** | Not enough data | 9.4 (115 reviews) | 8.4 (1050 reviews) | 

#### Security Measures

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Password Generator** | Not enough data | 9.1 (118 reviews) | 9.3 (1204 reviews) | 
| **Two-Factor Authentication** | Not enough data | 9.5 (125 reviews) | 8.9 (1044 reviews) | 
| **Security Audits** | Not enough data | 9.3 (104 reviews) | 8.5 (881 reviews) | 

#### Storage

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Digital Wallet** | Not enough data | 8.5 (99 reviews) | 8.4 (845 reviews) | 
| **File Storage** | Not enough data | 8.6 (101 reviews) | 7.7 (771 reviews) | 

### Mobile Device Management (MDM)

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | 8.6/10 | 1265 |
| **Rippling IT** | 8.8/10 | 145 |
| **LastPass** | N/A | N/A |

#### Platform - Mobile Device Management (MDM)

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Regulation Compliant** | 8.8 (1070 reviews) | 9.5 (107 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Operating System

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Multi-Systems Support** | 9.0 (1133 reviews) | 9.2 (116 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Apple Support** | 8.7 (1146 reviews) | 9.3 (119 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Android Support** | 8.2 (988 reviews) | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | 

#### Management

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Applicatons Management** | 8.5 (1122 reviews) | 9.3 (112 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Applications Consolidation** | 8.3 (1052 reviews) | 9.2 (101 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Whitelist** | Feature Not Available | 8.9 (94 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Blacklist** | Feature Not Available | 8.8 (93 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Usage Information** | 8.4 (1052 reviews) | 9.0 (102 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Security

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Remote Wipe** | 8.8 (1089 reviews) | 9.5 (108 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Security** | Feature Not Available | 9.3 (114 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Agentic AI - Mobile Device Management (MDM)

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Autonomous Task Execution** | Feature Not Available | 8.2 (34 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-step Planning** | Feature Not Available | 8.2 (31 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Cross-system Integration** | Feature Not Available | 8.3 (32 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Adaptive Learning** | Feature Not Available | 8.3 (30 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Natural Language Interaction** | Feature Not Available | 8.4 (29 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Proactive Assistance** | Feature Not Available | 8.4 (29 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Decision Making** | Feature Not Available | 8.4 (30 reviews) | Not enough data | 

### Security Compliance

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **JumpCloud** | N/A | N/A |
| **Rippling IT** | N/A | N/A |
| **LastPass** | N/A | N/A |

#### Generative AI - Security Compliance

| Feature | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Predictive Risk** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Automated Documentation** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

---
## Categories
**Shared Categories (1):** [Single Sign-On (SSO) Solutions](https://www.g2.com/categories/single-sign-on-sso)

**Unique to JumpCloud (12):** [Security Compliance Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/security-compliance), [Password Policy Enforcement Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/password-policy-enforcement), [Unified Endpoint Management (UEM) Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/unified-endpoint-management-uem), [Cloud Directory Services](https://www.g2.com/categories/cloud-directory-services), [SaaS Spend Management Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/saas-spend-management), [Privileged Access Management (PAM) Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/privileged-access-management-pam), [Remote Support Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/remote-support), [Identity and Access Management (IAM) Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/identity-and-access-management-iam), [User Provisioning and Governance Tools](https://www.g2.com/categories/user-provisioning-and-governance-tools), [Mobile Device Management (MDM) Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/mobile-device-management-mdm), [Non-Human Identity Management (NHIM) Solutions](https://www.g2.com/categories/non-human-identity-management-nhim-solutions), [ AI Governance Tools](https://www.g2.com/categories/ai-governance-tools)

**Unique to Rippling IT (5):** [Identity and Access Management (IAM) Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/identity-and-access-management-iam), [Mobile Device Management (MDM) Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/mobile-device-management-mdm), [Password Managers](https://www.g2.com/categories/password-managers), [Cloud Directory Services](https://www.g2.com/categories/cloud-directory-services), [User Provisioning and Governance Tools](https://www.g2.com/categories/user-provisioning-and-governance-tools)

**Unique to LastPass (6):** [Password Managers](https://www.g2.com/categories/password-managers), [Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/multi-factor-authentication-mfa), [Dark Web Monitoring Tools](https://www.g2.com/categories/dark-web-monitoring), [Biometric Authentication Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/biometric-authentication), [Risk-Based Authentication Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/risk-based-authentication-rba), [Passwordless Authentication Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/passwordless-authentication)


---
## Reviewer Demographics

### By Company Size

| Segment | JumpCloud | Rippling IT | LastPass | 
|---|---|---|---|
| **Small-Business** | 35.5% | 29.9% | 63.9% | 
| **Mid-Market** | 54.2% | 65.6% | 25.1% | 
| **Enterprise** | 10.2% | 4.5% | 11.1% | 

### By Industry

#### JumpCloud

- **Information Technology and Services:** 22.3%
- **Computer Software:** 12.6%
- **Financial Services:** 8.0%
- **Computer & Network Security:** 7.2%
- **Hospital & Health Care:** 2.9%
- **Marketing and Advertising:** 2.6%
- **Non-Profit Organization Management:** 2.2%
- **Education Management:** 1.9%
- **Health, Wellness and Fitness:** 1.5%
- **Management Consulting:** 1.4%
- **Other:** 37.4%

#### Rippling IT

- **Computer Software:** 16.5%
- **Information Technology and Services:** 12.9%
- **Hospital & Health Care:** 6.3%
- **Marketing and Advertising:** 4.5%
- **Financial Services:** 4.3%
- **Insurance:** 3.0%
- **Health, Wellness and Fitness:** 3.0%
- **Consumer Services:** 2.7%
- **Non-Profit Organization Management:** 2.0%
- **Consulting:** 2.0%
- **Other:** 42.9%

#### LastPass

- **Information Technology and Services:** 11.2%
- **Computer Software:** 8.2%
- **Marketing and Advertising:** 7.5%
- **Financial Services:** 4.4%
- **Accounting:** 3.7%
- **Internet:** 3.5%
- **Non-Profit Organization Management:** 3.5%
- **Higher Education:** 3.0%
- **Computer & Network Security:** 2.8%
- **Consulting:** 2.6%
- **Other:** 49.5%

---
## Alternatives

### Alternatives to JumpCloud

- [Okta](https://www.g2.com/products/okta/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (1230 reviews)
- [Microsoft Entra ID](https://www.g2.com/products/microsoft-entra-id/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (911 reviews)
- [OneLogin](https://www.g2.com/products/onelogin/reviews) — 4.4/5 stars (290 reviews)
- [NinjaOne](https://www.g2.com/products/ninjaone/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (4312 reviews)
- [1Password](https://www.g2.com/products/1password/reviews) — 4.6/5 stars (1799 reviews)
- [Auth0](https://www.g2.com/products/auth0/reviews) — 4.3/5 stars (271 reviews)
- [Cisco Duo](https://www.g2.com/products/cisco-duo/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (517 reviews)
- [Scalefusion](https://www.g2.com/products/scalefusion/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (383 reviews)
- [BetterCloud](https://www.g2.com/products/bettercloud/reviews) — 4.4/5 stars (483 reviews)
- [TeamViewer](https://www.g2.com/products/teamviewer/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (3973 reviews)

### Alternatives to Rippling IT

- [Okta](https://www.g2.com/products/okta/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (1230 reviews)
- [Jamf](https://www.g2.com/products/jamf/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (2132 reviews)
- [1Password](https://www.g2.com/products/1password/reviews) — 4.6/5 stars (1799 reviews)
- [Scalefusion](https://www.g2.com/products/scalefusion/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (383 reviews)
- [Iru](https://www.g2.com/products/iru/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (807 reviews)
- [Bitwarden](https://www.g2.com/products/bitwarden/reviews) — 4.6/5 stars (1298 reviews)
- [NinjaOne](https://www.g2.com/products/ninjaone/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (4312 reviews)
- [Microsoft Entra ID](https://www.g2.com/products/microsoft-entra-id/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (911 reviews)
- [NordPass Business](https://www.g2.com/products/nordpass-business/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (642 reviews)
- [Keeper Password Manager](https://www.g2.com/products/keeper-password-manager/reviews) — 4.6/5 stars (1197 reviews)

### Alternatives to LastPass

- [1Password](https://www.g2.com/products/1password/reviews) — 4.6/5 stars (1799 reviews)
- [Keeper Password Manager](https://www.g2.com/products/keeper-password-manager/reviews) — 4.6/5 stars (1197 reviews)
- [LogMeOnce](https://www.g2.com/products/logmeonce/reviews) — 3.9/5 stars (18 reviews)
- [NordPass Business](https://www.g2.com/products/nordpass-business/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (642 reviews)
- [Cisco Duo](https://www.g2.com/products/cisco-duo/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (517 reviews)
- [Microsoft Entra ID](https://www.g2.com/products/microsoft-entra-id/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (911 reviews)
- [OneLogin](https://www.g2.com/products/onelogin/reviews) — 4.4/5 stars (290 reviews)
- [Auth0](https://www.g2.com/products/auth0/reviews) — 4.3/5 stars (271 reviews)
- [Dashlane Password Manager](https://www.g2.com/products/dashlane-password-manager/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (625 reviews)
- [Uniqkey](https://www.g2.com/products/uniqkey/reviews) — 4.4/5 stars (141 reviews)

---
## Top Discussions

### JumpCloud

- Title: [What is JumpCloud used for?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/what-is-jumpcloud-used-for) — 6 comments
  > **Top comment:** "JumpCloud is an identity provider that allows you to consolidate all of your authentication/logins, apps and devices, to a Single Sign-On experience for your..."
- Title: [Do you want a copy?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/do-you-want-a-copy) — 4 comments, 1 upvote
  > **Top comment:** "Jumpcloud has a ton of Policies, but I just checked and I don't see that one. You could push the powershell script with a command. 
With that being said,..."
- Title: [What is JumpCloud used for?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/jumpcloud-what-is-jumpcloud-used-for) — 3 comments, 4 upvotes
  > **Top comment:** "FOR SSO"
- Title: [Can JumpCloud replace Active Directory?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/jumpcloud-can-jumpcloud-replace-active-directory) — 3 comments, 1 upvote
  > **Top comment:** "Yes it can.  We have clients that are very geographically distributed and we use JumpCloud instead of AD for these clients.  "
- Title: [Is JumpCloud secure?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/is-jumpcloud-secure) — 2 comments, 3 upvotes
  > **Top comment:** "yes"

### Rippling IT

No discussions available for this product.

### LastPass

- Title: [How do I migrate an employee's account from her personal email to her corporate email?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/how-do-i-migrate-an-employee-s-account-from-her-personal-email-to-her-corporate-email) — 5 comments, 1 upvote
  > **Top comment:** "I don't believe you can migrate the whole account over, but once they have the corporate account they can link the accounts so they will only need one..."
- Title: [What is LastPass used for?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/lastpass-what-is-lastpass-used-for) — 3 comments
  > **Top comment:** "Storing passwords and sensitive information in one location, which gets updated automatically each time you change your password on a site. As long as you..."
- Title: [What is LastPass used for?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/what-is-lastpass-used-for) — 3 comments, 1 upvote
  > **Top comment:** "Lastpass is a password management system."
- Title: [Is LastPass app safe?](https://www.g2.com/discussions/is-lastpass-app-safe) — 2 comments, 2 upvotes
  > **Top comment:** "Based on my research and from others who have attested to the safety of LastPass, we chose them specifically because they are rates as one of the safest on..."
- Title: [Integrations with Password Vulnerability Databases / Weak Password Databases](https://www.g2.com/discussions/15074-integrations-with-password-vulnerability-databases-weak-password-databases) — 2 comments, 1 upvote
  > **Top comment:** "LastPass has their own flavor of HIBP built in: https://blog.lastpass.com/2018/11/protect-your-accounts-with-breach-alerts-through-lastpass.html/

The..."

---
**Source:** [G2.com](https://www.g2.com) | [Comparison Page](https://www.g2.com/compare/jumpcloud-vs-rippling-it-vs-lastpass)