# Appspace vs Staffbase Comparison
---
## AI Generated Summary
- **G2 reviewers report** that Staffbase excels in keeping employees informed across the organization, with users highlighting its ability to consolidate multiple platforms into one. This feature is particularly beneficial for larger enterprises looking to streamline communication.
- **Users say** that Appspace shines in enhancing office organization, with features like meeting room booking that allow for specific requests, such as the number of chairs needed. This level of detail helps create a more tailored office experience.
- **Reviewers mention** that Staffbase offers a user-friendly interface and a mobile app, making it convenient for employees to access information on the go. This ease of use is a significant advantage for organizations with a mobile workforce.
- **According to verified reviews** , Appspace provides strong integration capabilities, particularly with tools like Slack and Outlook. Users appreciate the time-saving synchronization of updates across platforms, which enhances team communication.
- **G2 reviewers highlight** that while Staffbase has a solid support system, Appspace edges ahead with slightly higher ratings in quality of support and ease of setup. Users have noted that Appspace's initial setup was straightforward, making it easier for teams to get started quickly.
- **Users report** that Staffbase is particularly effective for enterprise-level organizations, while Appspace is favored by mid-market companies. This distinction can influence which platform is better suited for your specific business size and needs.



| | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Star Rating** | 4.7 out of 5 | 4.6 out of 5 | 
| **Total Reviews** | 144 | 248 | 
| **Largest Market Segment** | Mid-Market (48.6% of reviews) | Enterprise (60.0% of reviews) | 
| **Entry Level Price** | No pricing available | No pricing available | 

---
## Top Pros & Cons

### Appspace

Pros:
- Ease of Use (81 reviews)
- Features (46 reviews)

Cons:
- Confusion (15 reviews)
- Missing Features (15 reviews)

### Staffbase

Pros:
- Ease of Use (12 reviews)
- Customer Support (9 reviews)

Cons:
- Limited Customization (2 reviews)
- Limited Design Options (2 reviews)

---
## Ratings Comparison
| Rating | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
  | **Meets Requirements** | 9.4 (118 reviews) | 8.8 (193 reviews) | 
  | **Ease of Use** | 9.6 (126 reviews) | 9.3 (203 reviews) | 
  | **Ease of Setup** | 9.3 (116 reviews) | 8.6 (169 reviews) | 
  | **Ease of Admin** | 9.2 (36 reviews) | 9.2 (163 reviews) | 
  | **Quality of Support** | 9.5 (109 reviews) | 9.4 (192 reviews) | 
  | **Has the product been a good partner in doing business?** | 9.4 (34 reviews) | 9.5 (162 reviews) | 
  | **Product Direction (% positive)** | 9.6 (115 reviews) | 9.5 (176 reviews) | 

---
## Pricing

### Appspace

#### Entry-Level Pricing

No pricing available

#### Free Trial

Yes

### Staffbase

#### Entry-Level Pricing

No pricing available

#### Free Trial

Yes

---
## Features Comparison By Category

### Team Collaboration

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **Appspace** | N/A | N/A |
| **Staffbase** | N/A | N/A |

#### Communication

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Status Updates** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Instant Messaging** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Activity Feed** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Notifications** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Comments and Voting** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Discussions** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **User Directory** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Online Status of Coworkers** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Content Management

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **File Sharing** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Document Collaboration** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Version Control** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Tagging** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Knowledge Base** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Surveys** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Productivity Tools

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Task Management** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Calendar** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Search** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Mobile** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-Language Support** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Administration

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Moderation** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **User, Role, and Access Management** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Performance and Reliability** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

### Digital Wayfinding

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **Appspace** | N/A | N/A |
| **Staffbase** | N/A | N/A |

#### Customization

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Enhance maps** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Themes** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | 
| **Update** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Audio** | Feature Not Available | Not enough data | 
| **Create maps** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Logistics - Digital Wayfinding

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Deployment** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Analytics** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Indoor and outdoor** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Positioning systems** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Agentic AI - Digital Wayfinding

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Proactive Assistance** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Decision Making** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

### Meeting Room Booking Systems

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **Appspace** | 9.0/10 | 25 |
| **Staffbase** | N/A | N/A |

#### Booking

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Calendar Scheduling** | 9.5 (19 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Room Booking** | 9.4 (20 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Room Information** | 9.1 (20 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Desk Booking** | 9.4 (20 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Generative AI

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **AI Text-to-Image** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **AI Image-to-Text** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **AI Text-to-Video** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **AI Text-to-3D** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Agentic AI - Meeting Room Booking Systems

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Proactive Assistance** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

#### Platform tools

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Room Search** | 7.7 (17 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Room Usage Insights** | 8.7 (15 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Meeting Management** | 9.4 (19 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Administration

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Hardware** | 8.9 (11 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Wayfinding** | 8.8 (13 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Favorite Rooms** | 9.4 (18 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Mobile Booking** | 9.0 (18 reviews) | Not enough data | 

### Employee Communications

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **Appspace** | 8.5/10 | 40 |
| **Staffbase** | 7.9/10 | 138 |

#### Information Distribution

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **News Feed** | 9.1 (29 reviews) | 9.0 (119 reviews) | 
| **Newsletter** | 9.1 (25 reviews) | 8.1 (81 reviews) | 
| **Notifications** | 8.8 (26 reviews) | 8.9 (119 reviews) | 
| **Email** | 8.8 (24 reviews) | 8.4 (106 reviews) | 
| **Multi-Channel Sharing** | 8.8 (26 reviews) | 8.0 (88 reviews) | 

#### Employee Engagement

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Employee Generated Content** | 9.4 (26 reviews) | 8.0 (107 reviews) | 
| **Confirmation** | Feature Not Available | 8.2 (93 reviews) | 
| **Comments** | 8.0 (23 reviews) | 8.6 (107 reviews) | 
| **Inline Translation** | 8.3 (22 reviews) | 7.2 (75 reviews) | 
| **Administrative Access** | 9.2 (28 reviews) | 8.8 (122 reviews) | 
| **Content Interaction** | 7.7 (22 reviews) | 8.1 (19 reviews) | 
| **Surveys (global & local)** | 8.1 (24 reviews) | 6.9 (18 reviews) | 
| **Chat** | 8.4 (26 reviews) | 6.8 (19 reviews) | 

#### User Experience & Accessibility - Employee Communications

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Native Mobile Application** | 8.5 (24 reviews) | 8.3 (20 reviews) | 
| **Branded Experience** | 8.9 (17 reviews) | 8.3 (20 reviews) | 
| **Personalized Ux Experience** | 8.5 (17 reviews) | 7.2 (19 reviews) | 
| **Audience Management & Creation** | 8.3 (16 reviews) | 8.3 (18 reviews) | 

#### Content Distribution - Employee Communications

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Newsfeed** | 9.2 (18 reviews) | 8.5 (18 reviews) | 
| **Newsletter Engine** | 7.6 (15 reviews) | 8.3 (17 reviews) | 
| **Multi-Channel Sharing** | 8.2 (21 reviews) | 7.0 (17 reviews) | 

#### Additional Features - Employee Communications

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Emergency Notifications** | 8.5 (16 reviews) | 6.4 (17 reviews) | 
| **Analytics** | 8.6 (21 reviews) | 7.8 (18 reviews) | 
| **Integrations** | 8.0 (16 reviews) | 6.8 (17 reviews) | 

#### Agentic AI - Employee Communications

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Cross-system Integration** | 8.0 (5 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Natural Language Interaction** | 8.1 (8 reviews) | Not enough data | 

### Digital Signage

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **Appspace** | 9.1/10 | 59 |
| **Staffbase** | N/A | N/A |

#### Platform Basics

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Remotely Content Management** | 9.5 (46 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Content Scheduling** | 9.3 (46 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-User Access** | 9.3 (42 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Platform Content

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Media Formats** | 9.3 (49 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Media Editor** | 8.9 (42 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Platform Interoperability

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Hardware** | 9.2 (42 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Platform Additional Functionality

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Screen Grouping** | 9.0 (43 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Asset Management Integration** | 9.1 (39 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Network Reporting** | 9.0 (38 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Agentic AI - Digital Signage

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Cross-system Integration** | 7.9 (11 reviews) | Not enough data | 

### Space Management

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **Appspace** | 8.7/10 | 48 |
| **Staffbase** | N/A | N/A |

#### Facility Booking

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Desk Booking** | 9.4 (39 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Meeting Room Booking** | 8.9 (38 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Common Space Booking** | 9.2 (37 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Team Booking** | 9.2 (34 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Real-Time Availability** | 9.1 (36 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Office Maps

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Interactive Office Maps** | 9.0 (33 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Employee Locator** | 9.1 (33 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Team Neighborhoods** | 9.0 (28 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Workplace Analytics

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Space Usage** | 8.9 (38 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Trends & Preferences** | 9.0 (35 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Forecasting** | 9.1 (30 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Generative AI

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **AI Text Summarization** | 8.9 (23 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Administrative Tools

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Compacity Planning** | 9.0 (34 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Meeting Cancellation Protection** | 8.9 (33 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Amenity Labels** | 8.9 (35 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Generative AI

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **AI Text-to-Image** | 8.0 (5 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **AI Text-to-Speech** | 7.8 (6 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **AI Image-to-Text** | 8.3 (22 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **AI Text-to-3D** | 6.0 (5 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Agentic AI - Space Management

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Autonomous Task Execution** | 8.5 (9 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Cross-system Integration** | 8.3 (8 reviews) | Not enough data | 

### Desk Booking

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **Appspace** | 8.7/10 | 78 |
| **Staffbase** | N/A | N/A |

#### Seating Options

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Amenities** | 9.0 (50 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Automatic Grouping** | 8.9 (48 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Predefined Neighborhoods** | 8.8 (48 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Recurring Reservations** | 8.9 (56 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Tech Stack

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Moble App Offering** | 8.6 (59 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Employee Communications Integrations** | 8.6 (56 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Calendar Integrations** | 8.9 (57 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **SSO Compatible** | 9.0 (54 reviews) | Not enough data | 

#### Generative AI

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **AI Text-to-Image** | 8.6 (22 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **AI Text-to-Speech** | 8.5 (24 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **AI Text-to-3D** | 8.3 (21 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **AI Image-to-Text** | 8.3 (23 reviews) | Not enough data | 

### Frontline Worker Communication Platforms

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **Appspace** | N/A | N/A |
| **Staffbase** | 6.8/10 | 15 |

#### Administrative Tasks - Frontline Worker Communication Platforms

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Training & Learning Modules** | Not enough data | 6.7 (13 reviews) | 
| **Health & Safety Policies** | Not enough data | 6.7 (14 reviews) | 
| **Onboarding & Offboarding** | Not enough data | 7.8 (15 reviews) | 
| **Surveys & Feedback** | Not enough data | 7.8 (15 reviews) | 
| **Employee Services** | Not enough data | 7.3 (13 reviews) | 
| **Knowledge Management** | Not enough data | 7.0 (14 reviews) | 

#### Communication Features - Frontline Worker Communication Platforms

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Group Messaging** | Not enough data | 6.9 (15 reviews) | 
| **Private Messaging** | Not enough data | 7.2 (15 reviews) | 
| **Announcements** | Not enough data | 8.8 (15 reviews) | 
| **Emergency Notifications** | Not enough data | 7.2 (15 reviews) | 

#### Operations - Frontline Worker Communication Platforms

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Shift Scheduling** | Feature Not Available | 4.0 (13 reviews) | 
| **Insights & Analytics** | Feature Not Available | 7.8 (15 reviews) | 
| **Task Management** | Feature Not Available | 5.0 (13 reviews) | 
| **SOPs & Documentation** | Feature Not Available | 5.0 (13 reviews) | 

#### Agentic AI - Frontline Worker Communication Platforms

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Autonomous Task Execution** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Multi-step Planning** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Cross-system Integration** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Natural Language Interaction** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 
| **Proactive Assistance** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

### Internal Newsletter Software

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **Appspace** | N/A | N/A |
| **Staffbase** | 7.7/10 | 12 |

#### Newsletter Interface Features - Internal Newsletter Software

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Feedback** | Not enough data | 7.4 (12 reviews) | 
| **Design** | Not enough data | 7.5 (12 reviews) | 
| **Content Embedding** | Not enough data | 7.5 (12 reviews) | 

#### Newsletter Management Features - Internal Newsletter Software

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Collaboration** | Not enough data | 7.4 (12 reviews) | 
| **Personalization** | Not enough data | 7.5 (12 reviews) | 
| **Archive** | Not enough data | 7.4 (12 reviews) | 

#### Administrative Features - Internal Newsletter Software

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Security** | Not enough data | 8.9 (12 reviews) | 
| **User Permissions** | Not enough data | 7.9 (12 reviews) | 
| **Compliance** | Not enough data | 7.8 (12 reviews) | 
| **Integration** | Not enough data | 7.9 (12 reviews) | 

### Employee Intranet

| Product | Score | Reviews |
|---|---|---|
| **Appspace** | 9.0/10 | 5 |
| **Staffbase** | N/A | N/A |

#### Agentic AI - Employee Intranet

| Feature | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Autonomous Task Execution** | 9.0 (5 reviews) | Not enough data | 
| **Adaptive Learning** | Not enough data | Not enough data | 

---
## Categories
**Shared Categories (3):** [Frontline Worker Communication Platforms Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/frontline-worker-communication-platforms), [Employee Communications Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/employee-communications), [Employee Intranet Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/employee-intranet)

**Unique to Appspace (5):** [Desk Booking Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/desk-booking), [Space Management Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/space-management), [Meeting Room Booking Systems](https://www.g2.com/categories/meeting-room-booking-systems), [Digital Signage Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/digital-signage), [Digital Wayfinding Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/digital-wayfinding)

**Unique to Staffbase (1):** [Internal Newsletter Software](https://www.g2.com/categories/internal-newsletter-software)


---
## Reviewer Demographics

### By Company Size

| Segment | Appspace | Staffbase | 
|---|---|---|
| **Small-Business** | 38.4% | 4.1% | 
| **Mid-Market** | 48.6% | 35.9% | 
| **Enterprise** | 13.0% | 60.0% | 

### By Industry

#### Appspace

- **Consumer Services:** 29.2%
- **Information Technology and Services:** 10.8%
- **Computer Software:** 6.2%
- **Banking:** 3.8%
- **Higher Education:** 3.8%
- **Internet:** 3.8%
- **Construction:** 3.1%
- **Telecommunications:** 3.1%
- **Electrical/Electronic Manufacturing:** 3.1%
- **Leisure, Travel & Tourism:** 2.3%
- **Other:** 30.8%

#### Staffbase

- **Hospital & Health Care:** 8.6%
- **Transportation/Trucking/Railroad:** 6.1%
- **Construction:** 5.7%
- **Electrical/Electronic Manufacturing:** 5.3%
- **Automotive:** 4.5%
- **Information Technology and Services:** 3.3%
- **Mechanical or Industrial Engineering:** 2.9%
- **Machinery:** 2.5%
- **Retail:** 2.5%
- **Government Administration:** 2.5%
- **Other:** 56.1%

---
## Alternatives

### Alternatives to Appspace

- [OptiSigns](https://www.g2.com/products/optisigns/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (3698 reviews)
- [Yodeck](https://www.g2.com/products/yodeck/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (3101 reviews)
- [Workvivo](https://www.g2.com/products/workvivo/reviews) — 4.8/5 stars (2673 reviews)
- [Rise Vision](https://www.g2.com/products/rise-vision/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (983 reviews)
- [ScreenCloud Digital Signage](https://www.g2.com/products/screencloud-digital-signage/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (455 reviews)
- [Simpplr](https://www.g2.com/products/simpplr/reviews) — 4.6/5 stars (363 reviews)
- [Displai](https://www.g2.com/products/displai/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (398 reviews)
- [Tactic](https://www.g2.com/products/tactic/reviews) — 4.6/5 stars (555 reviews)
- [Microsoft SharePoint](https://www.g2.com/products/microsoft-sharepoint/reviews) — 4.0/5 stars (8968 reviews)
- [Zoom Workplace](https://www.g2.com/products/zoom-workplace/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (56523 reviews)

### Alternatives to Staffbase

- [Simpplr](https://www.g2.com/products/simpplr/reviews) — 4.6/5 stars (363 reviews)
- [Poppulo Employee Experience](https://www.g2.com/products/poppulo-employee-experience/reviews) — 4.3/5 stars (214 reviews)
- [Workvivo](https://www.g2.com/products/workvivo/reviews) — 4.8/5 stars (2673 reviews)
- [Firstup](https://www.g2.com/products/firstup/reviews) — 4.4/5 stars (206 reviews)
- [Blink](https://www.g2.com/products/blink-blink/reviews) — 4.6/5 stars (400 reviews)
- [Haiilo](https://www.g2.com/products/haiilo-haiilo/reviews) — 4.6/5 stars (291 reviews)
- [Workshop](https://www.g2.com/products/workshop/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (186 reviews)
- [Sociabble](https://www.g2.com/products/sociabble/reviews) — 4.7/5 stars (404 reviews)
- [Microsoft SharePoint](https://www.g2.com/products/microsoft-sharepoint/reviews) — 4.0/5 stars (8968 reviews)
- [Unily](https://www.g2.com/products/unily/reviews) — 4.5/5 stars (38 reviews)

---
## Top Discussions

### Appspace

No discussions available for this product.

### Staffbase

- Title: [I would love Staffbase to work as an internal employee bulletin board, where the current news and headlines that are available on staffbase online could be displayed on monitors within the facilities.](https://www.g2.com/discussions/37586-i-would-love-staffbase-to-work-as-an-internal-employee-bulletin-board-where-the-current-news-and-headlines-that-are-available-on-staffbase-online-could-be-displayed-on-monitors-within-the-facilities) — 1 comment, 2 upvotes *(includes official response)*
  > **Top comment:** "Hi there, 

We're glad you brought this up! We know that pushing your message across channels is key to an effective comms strategy. But, we also hear from..."

---
**Source:** [G2.com](https://www.g2.com) | [Comparison Page](https://www.g2.com/compare/appspace-vs-staffbase)